Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Automated Teller Machine shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Automated Teller Machine offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Automated Teller Machine at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Automated Teller Machine? Wrong! If the Automated Teller Machine is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Automated Teller Machine then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Automated Teller Machine? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Automated Teller Machine and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Automated Teller Machine wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Automated Teller Machine then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Automated Teller Machine site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Automated Teller Machine, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Automated Teller Machine, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.



Personas 75-Series interior, multi-function ATM in the United Statess and other busy areas, such as this off-premise Wincor Nixdorf mono-function ATM in Sweden.

An automated teller machine (ATM) is a computerized telecommunications device that provides the customers of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a human clerk or bank teller. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smartcard with a chip, that contains a unique card number and some security information, such as an expiration date or CVC (CVV). Security is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in order to make cash withdrawals (or credit card cash advances) and check their account balances.ATMs are known by various casual terms including automated banking machine, cash machine, hole-in-the-wall, cashpoint or Bancomat (in Europe and Russia). History ATM using the first ATM in 1967.The ATM was invented by Scot John Shepherd-Barron. The world's first ATM was installed in a branch of Barclays in the northern London borough of Enfield, Middlesex, in 1967. Inspiration had struck Mr Shepherd-Barron, now 82, while he was in the bath.

A mechanical cash dispenser was developed and built by Luther George Simjian and installed in 1939 in New York City by the City Bank of New York, but removed after 6 months due to the lack of customer acceptance. Inventor of the Week: Luther George Simjian MIT

The ATM got smaller, faster and easier over the years.Thereafter, the history of ATMs paused for over 25 years, until De La Rue developed the first electronic ATM, which was installed first in Enfield Town in North London on 27 June 1967 by Barclays Bank.. This instance of the invention is credited to John Shepherd-Barron, although various other engineers were awarded patents for related technologies at the time. Shepherd-Barron was awarded an Order of the British Empire in the 2005 New Year's Honours List. The first person to use the machine was Reg Varney of "On the Buses" fame, a British Television programme from the 1960s. The first ATMs accepted only a single-use token or voucher, which was retained by the machine. These worked on various principles including radiation and low-coercivity magnetism that was wiped by the card reader to make fraud more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by the British engineer John Rose in 1965.

ATMs first came into wide UK use in 1973; the IBM 2984 was designed at the request of Lloyds Bank. The 2984 CIT (Cash Issuing Terminal) was the first true Cashpoint, similar in function to today's machines; Cashpoint is still a registered trademark of Lloyds TSB in the U.K. All were online and issued a variable amount which was immediately deducted from the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to a USA bank. Notable historical models of ATMs include the IBM 3624 and IBM 473x series, Diebold 10xx and TABS 9000 series, and NCR 5xxx series.

Location

ATMs are placed not only near or inside the premises of banks, but also in locations such as shopping centers/malls, airports, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, or any place large numbers of people may gather. These represent two types of ATM installations: on and off premise. On premise ATMs are typically more advanced, multi-function machines that complement an actual bank branch's capabilities and thus more expensive. Off premise machines are deployed by financial institutions and also ISOs (or Independent Sales Organizations) where there is usually just a straight need for cash, so they typically are the cheaper mono-function devices. In Canada, when an ATM is not operated by a financial institution it is known as a White Label ATMs in Canada.

In North America, banks often have drive-through lanes providing access to ATMs.

Many ATM machines have a sign above them indicating the name of the bank or organization owning the ATM, and possibly including the list of ATM networks to which that machine is connected. This type of sign is called a topper.

Financial networks . The logos of a number of interbank networks this ATM is connected to are shown.

Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the bank where they have their account or in the country where their accounts are held (enabling cash withdrawals in local currency). Some examples of interbank networks include PLUS, Cirrus (interbank network), Interac and LINK (UK).

ATMs rely on authorization of a financial transaction by the card issuer or other authorizing institution via the communications network. This is often performed through an ISO 8583 messaging system.

Many banks charge ATM usage fees. In some cases, these fees are charged solely to users who are not customers of the bank where the ATM is installed; in other cases, they apply to all users. Many people oppose these fees because ATMs are actually less costly for banks than withdrawals from human tellers.

In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank networks have passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its footprint or utilizes the vault or cash drawer within the merchant establishment, which allows for the use of a scrip cash dispenser.

ix with a dial-up modem visible at the base

ATMs typically connect directly to their ATM Transaction Processor via either a dial-up modem over a telephone line or directly via a leased line. Leased lines are preferable to plain old telephone service lines because they require less time to establish a connection. Leased lines may be comparatively expensive to operate versus a POTS line, meaning less-trafficked machines will usually rely on a dial-up modem. That dilemma may be solved as high-speed Internet VPN connections become more ubiquitous. Common lower-level layer communication protocols used by ATMs to communicate back to the Bank include Systems Network Architecture over Synchronous Data Link Control, TC500 over Asynchronous communication, X.25, and TCP/IP over Ethernet.

In addition to methods employed for transaction security and secrecy, all communications traffic between the ATM and the Transaction Processor may also be encrypted via methods such as SSL. Eicon Networks Develops SSL-VPN For Secure Remote Working IT Observer

Global use Subway (rail)

There are no hard international or government-compiled numbers totaling the complete number of ATMs in use worldwide. Estimates developed by ATMIA place the number of ATMs in use at over 1.5 million as of August 2006. Number of ATMs worldwide expected to hit 1.5 million in December www.atmmarketplace.com article

For the purpose of analyzing ATM usage around the world, financial institutions generally divide the world into seven regions, due to the penetration rates, usage statistics, and features deployed. Four regions (USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan) have high numbers of ATMs per million people Statistics -> ABM Stats Interac website and generally slowing growth rates. Statistics on payment and settlement systems in selected countries - Figures for 2004 Bank for International Settlements Despite the large number of ATMs, Central bank payment system information Bank for International Settlements there is additional demand for machines in the Asia/Pacific area as well as in Latin America. Assessing payments systems in Latin America The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited ATMs have yet to reach high numbers in the Near East/Africa. Bank for International Settlements, Penelope Hawkins

The world's most northernly installed ATM is located at Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway. Mastercard.com ATM locator

The world's most southernly installed ATM is located at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Antarctica Sun Times - ONLINE U.S. Antarctic Program December 15, 1996 newsletter

While ATMs are ubiquitous on modern cruise ships, ATMs can also be found on some US Navy ships. Navy/Marine Cash™ - Next Generation ATMs-at-Sea Rolls Out United States Department of the Treasury website

In the United Kingdom, an ATM may be colloqually referred to as a hole-in-the-wall. BBC World Service - Learning English

Hardware

An ATM is typically made up of the following devices:



Recently, due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of computer-like architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom hardware architectures using microcontrollers and/or application-specific integrated circuits to adopting a hardware architecture that is very similar to a personal computer. Many ATMs are now able to use operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Linux. Although it is undoubtedly cheaper to use commercial off-the-shelf hardware, it does make ATMs vulnerable to the same sort of problems exhibited by conventional computers.

Vaults

The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where items of value are kept. Scrip cash dispensers do not incorporate a vault.

Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:



ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vault grade selection include cost, weight, regulatory requirements, ATM type, operator risk avoidance practices, and internal volume requirements. ATMDepot.com questions and answers www.atmdepot.com

Industry standard vault configurations include Underwriters Laboratories UL-291 "Business Hours" and Level 1 Safes, "Automated Teller Systems - UL 291" Underwriters Laboratories website RAL (standards institute) 626/3, "S 2.95 Obtaining suitable protective cabinets" Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik RAL (standards institute) TL-30 derivatives, "NCR Personas 75 Technical Specification" NCR website and CEN EN 1143-1:2005 - CEN III/VdS and CEN IV/LGAI/VdS. "CEN On-line catalogue - ICS: 13.310 Protection against crime" CEN British Standards Institution

ATM manufacturers recommend that vaults be attached to the floor to prevent theft. Triton ATM Machines

Software ATM running Windows 2000

With the migration to commodity PC hardware, standard commercial "off-the-shelf" operating systems and programming environments can be used inside of ATMs. Typical platforms used in ATM development include RMX, OS/2, and Microsoft operating systems (such as MS-DOS, PC-DOS, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional, or Windows XP Embedded). Sun Microsystems Solaris Java (Sun), Linux and Unix may also be used in these environments.

Linux is also finding some reception in the ATM marketplace. An example of this is Banrisul, the largest bank in the south of Brazil, which has replaced the MS-DOS operating systems in its ATMs with Linux. Banco do Brasil is also migrating ATMs to Linux.

Common application layer transaction protocols, such as Diebold Diebold 91x, IBM IBM 473x, and NCR NDC provide emulation of older generations of hardware on newer platforms with incremental extensions made over time to address new capabilities. Most major ATM manufacturers provide software packages that implement these protocols. Newer protocols such as Interactive Financial Exchange have yet to find wide acceptance by transaction processors. "Messaging standard to give multiple channels a common language" www.selfserviceworld.com website

With the move to a more standardized software base, financial institutions have been increasingly interested in the ability to pick and choose the application programs that drive their equipment. WOSA/XFS, now known as CEN/XFS, provides a common API for accessing and manipulating the various devices of an ATM.

J/XFS is a Java implementation of the CEN XFS API. "Welcome to J/XFS" J/XFS Homepage

While the perceived benefit of XFS is similar to the Java's Write once run anywhere mantra, often different ATM hardware vendors have different interpretations of the XFS standard. The result of these differences in interpretation means that ATM applications typically use a middleware to even out the differences between various platforms.

Notable XFS middleware platforms include Triton PRISM, Diebold Diebold Agilis, KAL(UK) KAL Kalignite, NCR Corporation NCR Aptra Edge, Phoenix Interactive Phoenix Interactive VISTAatm, and Wincor Nixdorf Wincor Nixdorf Protopas.

With the move of ATMs to industry-standard computing environments, concern has risen about the integrity of the ATM's software stack. "Windows Cash-Machine Worm Generates Concern" www.technewsworld.com, Jay Lyman, 12/09/03

Security

Security, as it relates to ATMs, has several dimensions. ATMs also provide a practical demonstration of a number of security systems and concepts operating together and how various security concerns are dealt with.

Physical Early ATM security focused on making the ATMs invulnerable to physical attack; they were effectively safes with dispenser mechanisms. A number of attacks on ATMs resulted, with thieves attempting to steal entire ATMs by ram-raiding. "An end to ram raids?" www.atmmarketplace.com Since late 1990s, criminal groups operating in Japan improved ram-raiding by stealing and using a truck loaded with a heavy construction machinery to effectively demolish or uproot an entire ATM and any housing to steal its cash. "STAT-USA Market Research Reports - ATM Thefts" US Economics and Statistics Administration report summary via Industry Canada

Another attack method is to seal all openings of the ATM with silicone and fill the vault with a combustible gas or to place an explosive inside, attached, or near the ATM. This gas or explosive is ignited and the vault is opened or distorted by the force of the resulting explosion and the criminals can break in.

Modern ATM physical security, per other modern money-handling security, concentrates on denying the use of the money inside the machine to a thief, by means of techniques such as dye markers and smoke canisters. "Security" TraceTag UK

Transactional secrecy and integrity The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure cryptoprocessor: the ATM often uses commodity components that are not considered to be "trusted systems".

Encryption of personal information, required by law in many jurisdictions, is used to prevent fraud. Sensitive data in ATM transactions are usually encryptioned with Data Encryption Standard, but transaction processors now usually require the use of Triple DES. "Getting Triple DES compliant" www.atmmarketplace.com Remote Key Loading techniques may be used to ensure the secrecy of the initialization of the encryption keys in the ATM. Message Authentication Code (MAC) or Partial MAC may also be used to ensure messages have not been tampered with while in transit between the ATM and the financial network.

Customer identity integrity ATM with a palm scanner (to the right of the screen)

There have also been a number of incidents of fraud where criminals have attached fake keypads or card readers to existing machines. These have then been used to record customers' PINs and bank card information in order to gain unauthorised access to their accounts. Various ATM manufacturers have put in place countermeasures to protect the equipment they manufacture from these threats. "The No. 1 ATM security concern" www.atmmarketplace.com a Diebold report via Credit Union National Association

Alternate methods to verify cardholder identities have been tested and deployed in some countries, such as finger and palm vein patterns, "Japan Seeks To Standardize Biometric ID Method For ATMs" IBIA iris, and facial recognition technologies. Cost of integrating and implementing these technologies along with concerns about consumer acceptance have limited their deployment so far. "Cards: Biometrics Stalled Amid The Hype" IBIA

Device operation integrity

Openings on the customer-side of ATMs are often covered by mechanical shutters to prevent tampering with the mechanisms when they are not in use. Alarm sensors are placed inside the ATM and in ATM servicing areas to alert their operators when doors have been opened by unauthorized personnel.

Rules are usually set by the government or ATM operating body that dictate what happens when integrity systems fail. Depending on the jurisdiction, a bank may or may not be liable when an attempt is made to dispense a customer's money from an ATM and the money either gets outside of the ATM's vault, or was exposed in a non-secure fashion, or they are unable to determine the state of the money after a failed transaction. "Consumer Complaint Board: Banks also responsible for the success of ATM withdrawals abroad" Kuluttajavirasto (Finland Consumer Agency & Ombudsman) Bank customers often complain that banks have made it difficult to recover money lost in this way, but this is often complicated by the Bank's own internal policies regarding suspicious activities typical of the criminal element. "New reasons to guard your ATM card" Christian Science Monitor via MSN

Customer security .

In some areas, multiple security cameras and security guards are a common feature. "Text of the ATM Safety Act" State of New York Banking Department

Critics of ATM operators assert that the issue of customer security appears to have been abandoned by the banking industry; "Consultants Call for Increased ATM Security Measures" www.atmmarketplace.com, Jane Blake, 04 Dec 2000 it has been suggested that efforts are now more concentrated on deterrent legislation than on solving the problem of forced withdrawals. "Politics (not) as usual, with ATMIA's help" www.atmmarketplace.com, John McGill, 07 September 2004

At least as far back as July 30 1986, critics of the industry have called for the adoption of an emergency PIN system for ATMs, where the user is able to send a silent alarm in response to a threat.See comments of Representative Mario Biaggi, Congressional Record, July 30 1986, Page 18232 et seq. Legislative efforts to require an emergency PIN system have appeared in Illinois, "ATM Report" Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation Kansas "CU t-t News - 2/16/04" Credit Union National Association and Georgia (U.S. state), "06 LC 34 0466 - Senate Bill 379 PRE-FILE Georgia (U.S. state) General Assembly but none have succeeded as of yet.

Alternative uses in Jersey dispensing dual currencies: Bank of England :en:Pound sterling and :en:Jersey pound

Although ATMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers, they have evolved to include many other bank-related functions. In some countries, especially those which benefit from a fully integrated cross-bank ATM network (e.g.: Multibanco in Portugal), ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of one's own bank account, such as:



In Canada, ATMs are called guichets automatiques in French language and sometimes "Bank Machines" in English. The Interac shared cash network does not allow for the selling of goods from ATMs due to specific security requirements for PIN entry when buying goods. "Consumers' FAQ, IDP Point 4" Interac

ATMs can also act as an advertising channel for companies to advertise their own products or third-party products and services.http://www.creativematch.co.uk/?action=viewnews&ni=90724



Manufactures have demonstrated and have deployed several different technologies on ATMs that have not yet reached worldwide acceptance, such as:



Reliability

Before an ATM is placed in a public place, it typically has undergone extensive testing with both Test Money and the backend computer systems that allow it to perform transactions. Banking customers also have come to expect high reliability in their ATMs, International Management Journals which provides incentives to ATM providers to minimize machine and network failures. Financial consequences of incorrect machine operation also provide high degrees of incentive to minimize malfunctions. "ATM gives out free cash and lands family in court" Guardian Unlimited

ATMs and the supporting electronic financial networks are generally very reliable, with industry benchmarks typically producing 98.25% customer availability for ATMs NCR Corportation publication and up to 99.999% availability for host systems. Stratus Technologies news release If ATMs do go out of service, customers could be left without the ability to make transactions until the beginning of their bank's next time of opening hours.

Of course, not all errors are to the detriment of customers; there have been cases of machines giving out money without debiting the account, or giving out higher value notes as a result of incorrect denomination (currency) of banknote being loaded in the money cassettes. Errors that can occur may be Machine (such as card transport mechanisms; keypads; hard disk failures); software (such as operating system; device driver; application software); information transfer; or purely down to operator error.To aid in reliability, some ATMs print each transaction to a roll paper journal that is stored inside the ATM, which allows both the users of the ATMs and the related financial institutions to settle things based on the records in the journal in case there is a dispute. In some cases, transactions are posted to an electronic journal to remove the cost of supplying journal paper to the ATM and for more convenient searching of data.

Improper money checking can cause the possibility of a customer receiving counterfeit banknotes from an ATM. While Bank personnel are generally trained better at spotting and removing counterfeit cash, Ottawa Business Journal Bank of Canada the resulting ATM money supplies used by banks provide no absolute guarantee for proper banknotes, as the Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany) has confirmed that there are regularly incidents of false banknotes having been provided through bank ATMs. Stern (magazine).de report of 2004-05-05 (in German) Some ATMs may be stocked and wholly owned by outside companies, which can further complicate this problem when it happens. www.atmmarketplace.comBill validator technology can be used by ATM providers to help ensure the authenticity of the cash before it is stocked in an ATM; ATMs that have cash recycling capabilities include this capability. Wincor Nixdorf website describing Cash Recycling

Fraud As with any device containing objects of value, ATMs and the systems they depend on to function are the targets of fraud. Fraud against ATMs and people's attempts to use them takes several forms.

The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall in Manchester, Connecticut in 1993. By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model Fujitsu 7020 ATM, a criminal gang known as The Bucklands Boys were able to steal information from cards inserted into the machine by customers.http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.05/atm_pr.html

In some cases, bank fraud could occur at ATMs whereby the bank accidentally stocks the ATM with bills in the wrong denomination, therefore giving the customer more money than should be dispensed. BBC The result of receiving too much money may be influenced on the Card Holder Agreement in place between the customer and the Bank. Royal Bank of Canada Client Card Cardholder Agreement "Mad rush to faulty ATM in France" BBC report about a cash machine not being stocked correctly

In a variation of this, WAVY-TV reported an incident in Virginia Beach of September 2006 where a hacker who had probably obtained a factory-default admin password for a gas station's white label ATM caused the unit to assume it was loaded with $5 USD bills instead of $20s, enabling himself--and many subsequent customers--to walk away with four times the money they said they wanted to withdraw. "ATM turns $5s into $20s" CNN/WAVY report, 9/14/06, about a hacked ATM at a gas station Ibid, mirrored on YouTube

ATM behavior can change during what is called "stand-in" time, where the Bank's cash dispensing network is unable to access databases that contain account information (possibly for database maintenance). In order to give customers access to cash, customers may be allowed to withdraw cash up to a certain amount that may be less than their usual daily withdrawal limit, but may still exceed the amount of available money in their account, which could result in fraud. AustLII

Card fraud the customer's PINs, some banks draw privacy areas on the floor.

For a low-tech form of fraud, the simplest is to simply steal a customer's card. A later variant of this approach is to trap the card inside of the ATM's card reader with a device often referred to as a Lebanese loop. When the customer gets frustrated by not getting the card back and walks away from the machine, the criminal is able to remove the card and withdraw cash from the customer's account.

Another simple form of fraud involves attempting to get the customer's bank to issue a new card and stealing it from their mail. Fun with Automatic Tellers Phrack Magazine Volume One, Issue Eight



The concept and various methods of copying the contents of an ATM card's magnetic stripe on to a duplicate card to access other people's financial information was well known in the hacking communities by late 1990. "Automatic Teller Machine Cards" Phrack Magazine, Phrack Classic Volume Three, Issue 32

In 1996 Andrew Stone, a computer security consultant from Hampshire in the UK was convicted of stealing in excess of £1 million Sterling (at the time equivalent to US$1.6 million) by pointing high definition video cameras at ATMs from a considerable distance, and by recording the card numbers, expiry dates, etc. from the embossed detail on the ATM cards along with video footage of the PINs being entered. After getting all the information from the videotapes, he was able to produce clone cards which not only allowed him to withdraw the full daily limit for each account, but also allowed him to sidestep withdrawal limits by using multiple copied cards. In court, it was shown that he could withdraw as much as £10,000 per hour by using this method. Stone was sentenced to five years and six months in prison. Oxford Journals ITNOW

By contrast, a newer high-tech modus operandi involves the installation of a magnetic card reader over the real ATM's card slot and the use of a wireless surveillance camera or a modified digital camera to observe the user's PIN. Card data is then cloned onto a second card and the criminal attempts a standard cash withdrawal. The availability of low-cost commodity wireless cameras and card readers has made it a relatively simple form of fraud, with comparatively low risk to the fraudsters. Snopes

In an attempt to stop these practices, countermeasures against card cloning have been developed by the banking industry, in particular by the use of smart cards which cannot easily be copied or spoofed by un-authenticated devices, and by attempting to make the outside of their ATMs tamper-evident. Older chip-card security systems include the French Carte Bleue, Visa Cash, Mondex, Blue from American Express Fast Company and EMV 96. The most actively developed form of smart card security in the industry today is known as EMV 2000.

EMV is widely used in the UK (Chip and PIN) and parts of Europe, but when it is not available in a specific area, ATMs must fallback to using the easy to copy magnetic stripe to perform transactions. This fallback behaviour can be exploited. The Hindu

Related devices A Talking ATM is a type of ATM that provides audible instructions so that persons who cannot read an ATM screen can independently use the machine. All audible information is delivered privately through a standard headphone jack on the face of the machine. Information is delivered to the customer either through pre-recorded sound files or via text-to-speech speech synthesis.

A postal interactive kiosk may also share many of the same components as an ATM (including a vault), but only dispenses items relating to postage. United States Postal Service news release PostalReporter.com news report

A scrip cash dispenser may share many of the same components as an ATM, but lacks the ability to dispense physical cash and consequently requires no vault. Instead, the customer requests a withdrawal transaction from the machine, which prints a receipt. The customer then takes this receipt to a nearby sales clerk, who then exchanges it for cash from the till. Merchant Payment Services, Inc.

A Teller Assist Unit may also share many of the same components as an ATM (including a vault), but they are distinct in that they are designed to be operated solely by trained personnel and not the general public, they do not integrate directly into interbank networks, and are usually controlled by a computer that is not directly integrated into the overall construction of the unit.

See also

References

External links



Personas 75-Series interior, multi-function ATM in the United Statess and other busy areas, such as this off-premise Wincor Nixdorf mono-function ATM in Sweden.

An automated teller machine (ATM) is a computerized telecommunications device that provides the customers of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a human clerk or bank teller. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smartcard with a chip, that contains a unique card number and some security information, such as an expiration date or CVC (CVV). Security is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in order to make cash withdrawals (or credit card cash advances) and check their account balances.ATMs are known by various casual terms including automated banking machine, cash machine, hole-in-the-wall, cashpoint or Bancomat (in Europe and Russia). History ATM using the first ATM in 1967.The ATM was invented by Scot John Shepherd-Barron. The world's first ATM was installed in a branch of Barclays in the northern London borough of Enfield, Middlesex, in 1967. Inspiration had struck Mr Shepherd-Barron, now 82, while he was in the bath.

A mechanical cash dispenser was developed and built by Luther George Simjian and installed in 1939 in New York City by the City Bank of New York, but removed after 6 months due to the lack of customer acceptance. Inventor of the Week: Luther George Simjian MIT

The ATM got smaller, faster and easier over the years.Thereafter, the history of ATMs paused for over 25 years, until De La Rue developed the first electronic ATM, which was installed first in Enfield Town in North London on 27 June 1967 by Barclays Bank.. This instance of the invention is credited to John Shepherd-Barron, although various other engineers were awarded patents for related technologies at the time. Shepherd-Barron was awarded an Order of the British Empire in the 2005 New Year's Honours List. The first person to use the machine was Reg Varney of "On the Buses" fame, a British Television programme from the 1960s. The first ATMs accepted only a single-use token or voucher, which was retained by the machine. These worked on various principles including radiation and low-coercivity magnetism that was wiped by the card reader to make fraud more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by the British engineer John Rose in 1965.

ATMs first came into wide UK use in 1973; the IBM 2984 was designed at the request of Lloyds Bank. The 2984 CIT (Cash Issuing Terminal) was the first true Cashpoint, similar in function to today's machines; Cashpoint is still a registered trademark of Lloyds TSB in the U.K. All were online and issued a variable amount which was immediately deducted from the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to a USA bank. Notable historical models of ATMs include the IBM 3624 and IBM 473x series, Diebold 10xx and TABS 9000 series, and NCR 5xxx series.

Location

ATMs are placed not only near or inside the premises of banks, but also in locations such as shopping centers/malls, airports, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, or any place large numbers of people may gather. These represent two types of ATM installations: on and off premise. On premise ATMs are typically more advanced, multi-function machines that complement an actual bank branch's capabilities and thus more expensive. Off premise machines are deployed by financial institutions and also ISOs (or Independent Sales Organizations) where there is usually just a straight need for cash, so they typically are the cheaper mono-function devices. In Canada, when an ATM is not operated by a financial institution it is known as a White Label ATMs in Canada.

In North America, banks often have drive-through lanes providing access to ATMs.

Many ATM machines have a sign above them indicating the name of the bank or organization owning the ATM, and possibly including the list of ATM networks to which that machine is connected. This type of sign is called a topper.

Financial networks . The logos of a number of interbank networks this ATM is connected to are shown.

Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the bank where they have their account or in the country where their accounts are held (enabling cash withdrawals in local currency). Some examples of interbank networks include PLUS, Cirrus (interbank network), Interac and LINK (UK).

ATMs rely on authorization of a financial transaction by the card issuer or other authorizing institution via the communications network. This is often performed through an ISO 8583 messaging system.

Many banks charge ATM usage fees. In some cases, these fees are charged solely to users who are not customers of the bank where the ATM is installed; in other cases, they apply to all users. Many people oppose these fees because ATMs are actually less costly for banks than withdrawals from human tellers.

In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank networks have passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its footprint or utilizes the vault or cash drawer within the merchant establishment, which allows for the use of a scrip cash dispenser.

ix with a dial-up modem visible at the base

ATMs typically connect directly to their ATM Transaction Processor via either a dial-up modem over a telephone line or directly via a leased line. Leased lines are preferable to plain old telephone service lines because they require less time to establish a connection. Leased lines may be comparatively expensive to operate versus a POTS line, meaning less-trafficked machines will usually rely on a dial-up modem. That dilemma may be solved as high-speed Internet VPN connections become more ubiquitous. Common lower-level layer communication protocols used by ATMs to communicate back to the Bank include Systems Network Architecture over Synchronous Data Link Control, TC500 over Asynchronous communication, X.25, and TCP/IP over Ethernet.

In addition to methods employed for transaction security and secrecy, all communications traffic between the ATM and the Transaction Processor may also be encrypted via methods such as SSL. Eicon Networks Develops SSL-VPN For Secure Remote Working IT Observer

Global use Subway (rail)

There are no hard international or government-compiled numbers totaling the complete number of ATMs in use worldwide. Estimates developed by ATMIA place the number of ATMs in use at over 1.5 million as of August 2006. Number of ATMs worldwide expected to hit 1.5 million in December www.atmmarketplace.com article

For the purpose of analyzing ATM usage around the world, financial institutions generally divide the world into seven regions, due to the penetration rates, usage statistics, and features deployed. Four regions (USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan) have high numbers of ATMs per million people Statistics -> ABM Stats Interac website and generally slowing growth rates. Statistics on payment and settlement systems in selected countries - Figures for 2004 Bank for International Settlements Despite the large number of ATMs, Central bank payment system information Bank for International Settlements there is additional demand for machines in the Asia/Pacific area as well as in Latin America. Assessing payments systems in Latin America The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited ATMs have yet to reach high numbers in the Near East/Africa. Bank for International Settlements, Penelope Hawkins

The world's most northernly installed ATM is located at Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway. Mastercard.com ATM locator

The world's most southernly installed ATM is located at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Antarctica Sun Times - ONLINE U.S. Antarctic Program December 15, 1996 newsletter

While ATMs are ubiquitous on modern cruise ships, ATMs can also be found on some US Navy ships. Navy/Marine Cash™ - Next Generation ATMs-at-Sea Rolls Out United States Department of the Treasury website

In the United Kingdom, an ATM may be colloqually referred to as a hole-in-the-wall. BBC World Service - Learning English

Hardware

An ATM is typically made up of the following devices:



Recently, due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of computer-like architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom hardware architectures using microcontrollers and/or application-specific integrated circuits to adopting a hardware architecture that is very similar to a personal computer. Many ATMs are now able to use operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Linux. Although it is undoubtedly cheaper to use commercial off-the-shelf hardware, it does make ATMs vulnerable to the same sort of problems exhibited by conventional computers.

Vaults

The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where items of value are kept. Scrip cash dispensers do not incorporate a vault.

Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:



ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vault grade selection include cost, weight, regulatory requirements, ATM type, operator risk avoidance practices, and internal volume requirements. ATMDepot.com questions and answers www.atmdepot.com

Industry standard vault configurations include Underwriters Laboratories UL-291 "Business Hours" and Level 1 Safes, "Automated Teller Systems - UL 291" Underwriters Laboratories website RAL (standards institute) 626/3, "S 2.95 Obtaining suitable protective cabinets" Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik RAL (standards institute) TL-30 derivatives, "NCR Personas 75 Technical Specification" NCR website and CEN EN 1143-1:2005 - CEN III/VdS and CEN IV/LGAI/VdS. "CEN On-line catalogue - ICS: 13.310 Protection against crime" CEN British Standards Institution

ATM manufacturers recommend that vaults be attached to the floor to prevent theft. Triton ATM Machines

Software ATM running Windows 2000

With the migration to commodity PC hardware, standard commercial "off-the-shelf" operating systems and programming environments can be used inside of ATMs. Typical platforms used in ATM development include RMX, OS/2, and Microsoft operating systems (such as MS-DOS, PC-DOS, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional, or Windows XP Embedded). Sun Microsystems Solaris Java (Sun), Linux and Unix may also be used in these environments.

Linux is also finding some reception in the ATM marketplace. An example of this is Banrisul, the largest bank in the south of Brazil, which has replaced the MS-DOS operating systems in its ATMs with Linux. Banco do Brasil is also migrating ATMs to Linux.

Common application layer transaction protocols, such as Diebold Diebold 91x, IBM IBM 473x, and NCR NDC provide emulation of older generations of hardware on newer platforms with incremental extensions made over time to address new capabilities. Most major ATM manufacturers provide software packages that implement these protocols. Newer protocols such as Interactive Financial Exchange have yet to find wide acceptance by transaction processors. "Messaging standard to give multiple channels a common language" www.selfserviceworld.com website

With the move to a more standardized software base, financial institutions have been increasingly interested in the ability to pick and choose the application programs that drive their equipment. WOSA/XFS, now known as CEN/XFS, provides a common API for accessing and manipulating the various devices of an ATM.

J/XFS is a Java implementation of the CEN XFS API. "Welcome to J/XFS" J/XFS Homepage

While the perceived benefit of XFS is similar to the Java's Write once run anywhere mantra, often different ATM hardware vendors have different interpretations of the XFS standard. The result of these differences in interpretation means that ATM applications typically use a middleware to even out the differences between various platforms.

Notable XFS middleware platforms include Triton PRISM, Diebold Diebold Agilis, KAL(UK) KAL Kalignite, NCR Corporation NCR Aptra Edge, Phoenix Interactive Phoenix Interactive VISTAatm, and Wincor Nixdorf Wincor Nixdorf Protopas.

With the move of ATMs to industry-standard computing environments, concern has risen about the integrity of the ATM's software stack. "Windows Cash-Machine Worm Generates Concern" www.technewsworld.com, Jay Lyman, 12/09/03

Security

Security, as it relates to ATMs, has several dimensions. ATMs also provide a practical demonstration of a number of security systems and concepts operating together and how various security concerns are dealt with.

Physical Early ATM security focused on making the ATMs invulnerable to physical attack; they were effectively safes with dispenser mechanisms. A number of attacks on ATMs resulted, with thieves attempting to steal entire ATMs by ram-raiding. "An end to ram raids?" www.atmmarketplace.com Since late 1990s, criminal groups operating in Japan improved ram-raiding by stealing and using a truck loaded with a heavy construction machinery to effectively demolish or uproot an entire ATM and any housing to steal its cash. "STAT-USA Market Research Reports - ATM Thefts" US Economics and Statistics Administration report summary via Industry Canada

Another attack method is to seal all openings of the ATM with silicone and fill the vault with a combustible gas or to place an explosive inside, attached, or near the ATM. This gas or explosive is ignited and the vault is opened or distorted by the force of the resulting explosion and the criminals can break in.

Modern ATM physical security, per other modern money-handling security, concentrates on denying the use of the money inside the machine to a thief, by means of techniques such as dye markers and smoke canisters. "Security" TraceTag UK

Transactional secrecy and integrity The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure cryptoprocessor: the ATM often uses commodity components that are not considered to be "trusted systems".

Encryption of personal information, required by law in many jurisdictions, is used to prevent fraud. Sensitive data in ATM transactions are usually encryptioned with Data Encryption Standard, but transaction processors now usually require the use of Triple DES. "Getting Triple DES compliant" www.atmmarketplace.com Remote Key Loading techniques may be used to ensure the secrecy of the initialization of the encryption keys in the ATM. Message Authentication Code (MAC) or Partial MAC may also be used to ensure messages have not been tampered with while in transit between the ATM and the financial network.

Customer identity integrity ATM with a palm scanner (to the right of the screen)

There have also been a number of incidents of fraud where criminals have attached fake keypads or card readers to existing machines. These have then been used to record customers' PINs and bank card information in order to gain unauthorised access to their accounts. Various ATM manufacturers have put in place countermeasures to protect the equipment they manufacture from these threats. "The No. 1 ATM security concern" www.atmmarketplace.com a Diebold report via Credit Union National Association

Alternate methods to verify cardholder identities have been tested and deployed in some countries, such as finger and palm vein patterns, "Japan Seeks To Standardize Biometric ID Method For ATMs" IBIA iris, and facial recognition technologies. Cost of integrating and implementing these technologies along with concerns about consumer acceptance have limited their deployment so far. "Cards: Biometrics Stalled Amid The Hype" IBIA

Device operation integrity

Openings on the customer-side of ATMs are often covered by mechanical shutters to prevent tampering with the mechanisms when they are not in use. Alarm sensors are placed inside the ATM and in ATM servicing areas to alert their operators when doors have been opened by unauthorized personnel.

Rules are usually set by the government or ATM operating body that dictate what happens when integrity systems fail. Depending on the jurisdiction, a bank may or may not be liable when an attempt is made to dispense a customer's money from an ATM and the money either gets outside of the ATM's vault, or was exposed in a non-secure fashion, or they are unable to determine the state of the money after a failed transaction. "Consumer Complaint Board: Banks also responsible for the success of ATM withdrawals abroad" Kuluttajavirasto (Finland Consumer Agency & Ombudsman) Bank customers often complain that banks have made it difficult to recover money lost in this way, but this is often complicated by the Bank's own internal policies regarding suspicious activities typical of the criminal element. "New reasons to guard your ATM card" Christian Science Monitor via MSN

Customer security .

In some areas, multiple security cameras and security guards are a common feature. "Text of the ATM Safety Act" State of New York Banking Department

Critics of ATM operators assert that the issue of customer security appears to have been abandoned by the banking industry; "Consultants Call for Increased ATM Security Measures" www.atmmarketplace.com, Jane Blake, 04 Dec 2000 it has been suggested that efforts are now more concentrated on deterrent legislation than on solving the problem of forced withdrawals. "Politics (not) as usual, with ATMIA's help" www.atmmarketplace.com, John McGill, 07 September 2004

At least as far back as July 30 1986, critics of the industry have called for the adoption of an emergency PIN system for ATMs, where the user is able to send a silent alarm in response to a threat.See comments of Representative Mario Biaggi, Congressional Record, July 30 1986, Page 18232 et seq. Legislative efforts to require an emergency PIN system have appeared in Illinois, "ATM Report" Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation Kansas "CU t-t News - 2/16/04" Credit Union National Association and Georgia (U.S. state), "06 LC 34 0466 - Senate Bill 379 PRE-FILE Georgia (U.S. state) General Assembly but none have succeeded as of yet.

Alternative uses in Jersey dispensing dual currencies: Bank of England :en:Pound sterling and :en:Jersey pound

Although ATMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers, they have evolved to include many other bank-related functions. In some countries, especially those which benefit from a fully integrated cross-bank ATM network (e.g.: Multibanco in Portugal), ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of one's own bank account, such as:



In Canada, ATMs are called guichets automatiques in French language and sometimes "Bank Machines" in English. The Interac shared cash network does not allow for the selling of goods from ATMs due to specific security requirements for PIN entry when buying goods. "Consumers' FAQ, IDP Point 4" Interac

ATMs can also act as an advertising channel for companies to advertise their own products or third-party products and services.http://www.creativematch.co.uk/?action=viewnews&ni=90724



Manufactures have demonstrated and have deployed several different technologies on ATMs that have not yet reached worldwide acceptance, such as:



Reliability

Before an ATM is placed in a public place, it typically has undergone extensive testing with both Test Money and the backend computer systems that allow it to perform transactions. Banking customers also have come to expect high reliability in their ATMs, International Management Journals which provides incentives to ATM providers to minimize machine and network failures. Financial consequences of incorrect machine operation also provide high degrees of incentive to minimize malfunctions. "ATM gives out free cash and lands family in court" Guardian Unlimited

ATMs and the supporting electronic financial networks are generally very reliable, with industry benchmarks typically producing 98.25% customer availability for ATMs NCR Corportation publication and up to 99.999% availability for host systems. Stratus Technologies news release If ATMs do go out of service, customers could be left without the ability to make transactions until the beginning of their bank's next time of opening hours.

Of course, not all errors are to the detriment of customers; there have been cases of machines giving out money without debiting the account, or giving out higher value notes as a result of incorrect denomination (currency) of banknote being loaded in the money cassettes. Errors that can occur may be Machine (such as card transport mechanisms; keypads; hard disk failures); software (such as operating system; device driver; application software); information transfer; or purely down to operator error.To aid in reliability, some ATMs print each transaction to a roll paper journal that is stored inside the ATM, which allows both the users of the ATMs and the related financial institutions to settle things based on the records in the journal in case there is a dispute. In some cases, transactions are posted to an electronic journal to remove the cost of supplying journal paper to the ATM and for more convenient searching of data.

Improper money checking can cause the possibility of a customer receiving counterfeit banknotes from an ATM. While Bank personnel are generally trained better at spotting and removing counterfeit cash, Ottawa Business Journal Bank of Canada the resulting ATM money supplies used by banks provide no absolute guarantee for proper banknotes, as the Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany) has confirmed that there are regularly incidents of false banknotes having been provided through bank ATMs. Stern (magazine).de report of 2004-05-05 (in German) Some ATMs may be stocked and wholly owned by outside companies, which can further complicate this problem when it happens. www.atmmarketplace.comBill validator technology can be used by ATM providers to help ensure the authenticity of the cash before it is stocked in an ATM; ATMs that have cash recycling capabilities include this capability. Wincor Nixdorf website describing Cash Recycling

Fraud As with any device containing objects of value, ATMs and the systems they depend on to function are the targets of fraud. Fraud against ATMs and people's attempts to use them takes several forms.

The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall in Manchester, Connecticut in 1993. By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model Fujitsu 7020 ATM, a criminal gang known as The Bucklands Boys were able to steal information from cards inserted into the machine by customers.http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.05/atm_pr.html

In some cases, bank fraud could occur at ATMs whereby the bank accidentally stocks the ATM with bills in the wrong denomination, therefore giving the customer more money than should be dispensed. BBC The result of receiving too much money may be influenced on the Card Holder Agreement in place between the customer and the Bank. Royal Bank of Canada Client Card Cardholder Agreement "Mad rush to faulty ATM in France" BBC report about a cash machine not being stocked correctly

In a variation of this, WAVY-TV reported an incident in Virginia Beach of September 2006 where a hacker who had probably obtained a factory-default admin password for a gas station's white label ATM caused the unit to assume it was loaded with $5 USD bills instead of $20s, enabling himself--and many subsequent customers--to walk away with four times the money they said they wanted to withdraw. "ATM turns $5s into $20s" CNN/WAVY report, 9/14/06, about a hacked ATM at a gas station Ibid, mirrored on YouTube

ATM behavior can change during what is called "stand-in" time, where the Bank's cash dispensing network is unable to access databases that contain account information (possibly for database maintenance). In order to give customers access to cash, customers may be allowed to withdraw cash up to a certain amount that may be less than their usual daily withdrawal limit, but may still exceed the amount of available money in their account, which could result in fraud. AustLII

Card fraud the customer's PINs, some banks draw privacy areas on the floor.

For a low-tech form of fraud, the simplest is to simply steal a customer's card. A later variant of this approach is to trap the card inside of the ATM's card reader with a device often referred to as a Lebanese loop. When the customer gets frustrated by not getting the card back and walks away from the machine, the criminal is able to remove the card and withdraw cash from the customer's account.

Another simple form of fraud involves attempting to get the customer's bank to issue a new card and stealing it from their mail. Fun with Automatic Tellers Phrack Magazine Volume One, Issue Eight



The concept and various methods of copying the contents of an ATM card's magnetic stripe on to a duplicate card to access other people's financial information was well known in the hacking communities by late 1990. "Automatic Teller Machine Cards" Phrack Magazine, Phrack Classic Volume Three, Issue 32

In 1996 Andrew Stone, a computer security consultant from Hampshire in the UK was convicted of stealing in excess of £1 million Sterling (at the time equivalent to US$1.6 million) by pointing high definition video cameras at ATMs from a considerable distance, and by recording the card numbers, expiry dates, etc. from the embossed detail on the ATM cards along with video footage of the PINs being entered. After getting all the information from the videotapes, he was able to produce clone cards which not only allowed him to withdraw the full daily limit for each account, but also allowed him to sidestep withdrawal limits by using multiple copied cards. In court, it was shown that he could withdraw as much as £10,000 per hour by using this method. Stone was sentenced to five years and six months in prison. Oxford Journals ITNOW

By contrast, a newer high-tech modus operandi involves the installation of a magnetic card reader over the real ATM's card slot and the use of a wireless surveillance camera or a modified digital camera to observe the user's PIN. Card data is then cloned onto a second card and the criminal attempts a standard cash withdrawal. The availability of low-cost commodity wireless cameras and card readers has made it a relatively simple form of fraud, with comparatively low risk to the fraudsters. Snopes

In an attempt to stop these practices, countermeasures against card cloning have been developed by the banking industry, in particular by the use of smart cards which cannot easily be copied or spoofed by un-authenticated devices, and by attempting to make the outside of their ATMs tamper-evident. Older chip-card security systems include the French Carte Bleue, Visa Cash, Mondex, Blue from American Express Fast Company and EMV 96. The most actively developed form of smart card security in the industry today is known as EMV 2000.

EMV is widely used in the UK (Chip and PIN) and parts of Europe, but when it is not available in a specific area, ATMs must fallback to using the easy to copy magnetic stripe to perform transactions. This fallback behaviour can be exploited. The Hindu

Related devices A Talking ATM is a type of ATM that provides audible instructions so that persons who cannot read an ATM screen can independently use the machine. All audible information is delivered privately through a standard headphone jack on the face of the machine. Information is delivered to the customer either through pre-recorded sound files or via text-to-speech speech synthesis.

A postal interactive kiosk may also share many of the same components as an ATM (including a vault), but only dispenses items relating to postage. United States Postal Service news release PostalReporter.com news report

A scrip cash dispenser may share many of the same components as an ATM, but lacks the ability to dispense physical cash and consequently requires no vault. Instead, the customer requests a withdrawal transaction from the machine, which prints a receipt. The customer then takes this receipt to a nearby sales clerk, who then exchanges it for cash from the till. Merchant Payment Services, Inc.

A Teller Assist Unit may also share many of the same components as an ATM (including a vault), but they are distinct in that they are designed to be operated solely by trained personnel and not the general public, they do not integrate directly into interbank networks, and are usually controlled by a computer that is not directly integrated into the overall construction of the unit.

See also

References

External links



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